Iʿtikāf is an Islamic practice consisting of staying in a mosque for a certain number of days. It has a profound effect on spiritual purification and mental tranquility. This form of worship existed in previous religions and has been affirmed and emphasized in Islam. Most rulings on Iʿtikāf are common between men and women, though Islamic jurisprudential schools differ on certain aspects, such as the impact of gender on the location of women’s Iʿtikāf, the necessity of a husband’s permission for the validity of a wife’s Iʿtikāf, and the ruling on combining Iddah with Iʿtikāf. The present article employs a descriptive-analytical method, utilizing library and documentary sources, to conduct a comparative study of the rulings on women's specific Iʿtikāf in Islamic jurisprudence. An examination of jurisprudential perspectives reveals that the preponderant opinion regarding the place of Iʿtikāf for women is that it should be performed in a mosque, although the Hanafis consider Iʿtikāf at home to be preferable for women. Given that Friday prayers are not obligatory for women, the mosque’s status as a congregational mosque (jāmiʿ) is not a condition for the validity of their Iʿtikāf. From a jurisprudential standpoint, married women must obtain their husband's permission. In cases where a woman's waiting period (ʿIddah) coincides with Iʿtikāf, jurists have presented two views: either completing the Iʿtikāf first or then observing the ‘Iddah at home, or vice versa. Menstruation and postpartum bleeding nullify a woman's Iʿtikāf, but after they end, she may return to the mosque and resume her Iʿtikāf, provided the necessary conditions are met. However, irregular bleeding (Istihazah) does not invalidate Iʿtikāf.

The issue of fraudulence in the law and its effects, both in domestic law and in private international law, is one of the challenging issues, and due to the silence of the legislator, there are various points of view about it. One of the points of view about the invalidity of the fraudulent act is the result of the lack of the order of the intended effects on it, and to prove his point of view, he has cited the theory of the illegitimate direction, which has been reflected in Articles 217 and 218 of the Civil Code. Investigating these two articles, especially about their jurisprudential base and comparing and matching them with the issue of fraudulence, this article has concluded that, firstly, due to the basic conceptual and factual differences between "illegitimate direction" and "fraudulence against Law", logically, these two articles cannot be cited to discover the decree of fraudulence. Secondly, even if a reference is considered, neither the point of view of nullity of the fraudulent act nor other points of view can be used from these two articles. However, the new point of view of "the suspension of the fraudulent act" is used in these two articles.

The ethical actions are important because of the priority of the mission goal and their close relationship with social progress and development. Therefore, the purpose of this research is the identification and social analysis of these types of actions among the verses of revelation and it deals with the effect of ethical actions in the production of social capital in the process of progress based on religious teachings and answers these questions based on the Quranic teachings. What impact do ethical actions (behavior) have on the formation of social progress? How do moral actions generate social capital and influence progress (development)? What coordinates, examples and dimensions does this group of actions have? What are the effects and consequences of this group of actions? Those actions that are desirable and progressive in the development of social interactions have been socially studied, analyzed and searched by using the inductive content analysis method. Honesty, trustworthiness and fulfillment of an obligation, altruism (Arabic: إیثار, self-sacrifice), asking forgiveness or istighfār (Arabic: استغفار ʾistiġfār), and forgiving others, kindness, non-violence, chastity and purity, patience and honesty and benevolent actions combined with social supervision have been discussed, which lead to sincerity, togetherness, coherence and expansion of social interactions and emotional relationships far from hatred and warm and emotional relationships and as a result, it causes the production of social capital and its improvement and will lead to the density of actions focused on purpose and excellence that are necessary for progress.

In this work we deal with actions of vector groupoid which is a new concept in the literature. After we give the definition of the action of a vector groupoid on a vector space, we obtain some results related to actions of vector groupoids. We also apply some characterizations of the category and groupoid theory to vector groupoids. As the second part of the work, we define the notion of a crossed module over a vector groupoid. Finally, we show that the category Vg of the vector groupoids is equivalent to the category CModVg of the crossed modules over a vector groupoid.

The jury is a group of different classes of the community who work as representatives of public opinion in dealing with claims. Although this institution has been accepted in most legal systems, in rare cases, its admission is limited to criminal cases and it doesn’ t apply in the civil proceedings. However, in some legal systems, including the United States and Australia, the jury is also foreseen in civil cases. In this paper, we will study the position and the positive function of the jury in civil proceeding in the legal systems that have accepted the jury in civil cases and possibility of the acceptance of the jury in the legal systems of Iran. One of the important effect of the jury is the deterrence and encouragement aspect of that in tort cases in the legal system of United State.